Defense logistics: Germany's key role in the NATO strategy-how AI and robots can advance the Bundeswehr

Bundeswehr on wire: Why logistics about war and peace decides

The world has changed. Geopolitical shifts and the return to the need to defend one's own country and the alliance area have focused on defense logistics. It is no longer just a supportive function, but a decisive factor for the ability to act militarily, hold out operations and credibly deter it. This report examines defense logistics in all its facets, from their definition and their goals to the challenges in front of them, and the developments that will shape their future. Particular attention is paid to the structures and concepts of the Bundeswehr and NATO.

What is defense logistics? Definition, scope and goals

In order to understand the role and importance of defense logistics, you first have to define what it is, what extent it has and what goals it pursues.

Definitions

The term “logistics” is used differently in different contexts, but in the military area it refers to the planning and implementation of the movement and care of armed forces. In essence, it is about ensuring that soldiers and military equipment are in the right place at the right time to perform their tasks. Historically, military logistics can be traced back to the neighborhood masters of former armies that were responsible for the care of the troops.

NATO defines logistics as the science of planning and implementing the movement and maintenance of armed forces. This definition is very comprehensive and goes far beyond pure transport. It includes the entire life cycle of material, from the conception and development to procurement, storage, transport, distribution and maintenance to the unification and disposal. The transport of personnel, the procurement, construction, maintenance and operation of military institutions as well as the provision of external services and medical care are also included. This width means that logistical considerations must be included in military planning right from the start.

The US Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) emphasizes its role in controlling the entire global defense supply chain, from the raw materials to the final use or disposal.

The global scope

Defense logistics is a global undertaking that covers the entire supply chain. It not only supports its own armed forces of all parties and organizational areas, but also other state authorities and allies.

NATO differentiates between production and procurement logistics, research, development, manufacture and acceptance of material, and consumption and operational logistics, which deals with reception, storage, transport, maintenance, operation and disposal of the material. This distinction illustrates the broad spectrum of logistical tasks.

Defense logistics include almost all goods that are required for military operations: consumer goods such as food, water, fuel, clothing and medical care, spare parts, weapons, ammunition, vehicles and heavy equipment.

The overarching goals

The goals of defense logistics are aimed at ensuring military ability to act:

Operational readiness

This is the most important goal. The forces must be able to perform their tasks, both in terms of personnel and material. The DLA emphasizes that it wants to guarantee the commitment of the soldiers.

Peculiarity

Military operations must be able to be maintained over the required period and under the loads of use, especially under enemy. A high general of the Bundeswehr summed up: "Without logistics, there is no successful deterrent or defense. Care, mobility and protection are the pillars on which perseverance military strength is based."

Effectiveness and efficiency

The right goods and services must be provided at the right time, in the right place, in the right amount and quality. At the same time, an economic handling of resources is to be sought.

Flexibility and agility

It is crucial to be able to adapt quickly to changed situations, threats and requirements.

Support for the operations

Logistics enables military operations by providing the necessary resources and thus ensuring the freedom of action of military leadership.

However, there is a area of ​​tension between the goals of operational readiness and perseverance on the one hand and the striving for efficiency on the other. While civil logistics are primarily aimed at cost minimization and slim processes, military logistics must primarily put effectiveness in the foreground, i.e. ensuring the supply under the most adverse conditions. The requirements of state and alliance defense and operating in an endangered environment require a high level of resilience, redundancies and extensive storage. These measures tend to be more expensive and less “efficient” in the business sense than optimized but more susceptible civilian supply chains. Organizations like the DLA try to combine both, but in an emergency, security of supply must be priority with pure economy. This area of ​​tension must be taken into account in the structuring, financing and prioritization of logistical skills.

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The core functions of defense logistics

The overarching goals of defense logistics are achieved by a number of specific core functions that are closely linked:

supply

The provision of all the required goods, from ammunition and fuel to meals and clothing to spare parts and medical material. This includes determining and planning, which is increasingly supported by data analysis and AI -supported forecasting process in order to anticipate future needs as precisely as possible. The procurement of goods and services is made via contracts with industry. Bearing in depots and other storage facilities at home and abroad as well as the management of the stocks are also central tasks. Finally, the distribution ensures the delivery of the goods to the troops.

Material maintenance

All measures that are taken to maintain material in a specified state. This includes inspection, tests, maintenance, service, classification of service, repair, overhaul and recovery. The maintenance takes place in different stages, from simple repairs directly at the group to complex basic overhaul in specialized facilities or through industry. A special challenge is the field -like repair, i.e. the ability to carry out repairs under the difficult conditions of an assignment, possibly under time pressure and threat. Modern approaches use sensor data and data analysis for state monitoring and predictive maintenance to minimize failures and maximize availability.

transport

The movement of personnel and material via land, sea and air routes. A wide range of means of transport is used for this, including military and civilian trucks, heavy load transporters for tanks and large equipment, the railway for mass transports, sea dealerships and transport aircraft. The “Movement Control” is planned, coordinated and monitoring these complex movements. The envelope, i.e. the loading and unloading of means of transport, is often intermodal, for example from ships on trains or trucks in ports.

storage

The storage of supplies and material is stored in depots and storage facilities both in the home country and in the areas of application. Specific requirements for different types of goods must be taken into account, such as the secure storage of ammunition, the handling of hazardous substances or compliance with temperature ranges for medical goods or meals. Modern warehouse technologies are increasingly being used, such as automated shuttle warehouse or RFID technology for inventory tracking and management.

Sanitary support

The medical care of soldiers, including the evacuation of wounded in the area of ​​application. It also includes the provision, storage and distribution of medical material, medication and blood products as well as the structure and operation of medical service facilities such as field hospitals.

Infrastructure and field camp construction

In areas of application, the structure and maintenance of temporary or semi-permanent infrastructure is a logistical task. This includes accommodations for troops, bridge construction, the maintenance of roads and paths and the structure and operation of supply networks (e.g. electricity, water). The energy supply, water treatment and waste disposal in field camps also fall into this area.

Further functions

In addition, defense logistics fulfills other important tasks, such as ensuring the field post as a connection to the home, the motor system (including the training of drivers and administration of the fleet), the disposition and environmentally friendly disposal of excess or unusable material as well as the catalogization of supply goods and the management of logistical data.

The core functions of defense logistics are not to be considered isolated, but form a closely interwoven system in which each function depends on the others. Supply goods must be transported and stored. Defective material needs transport to repair, and spare parts have to get to the troop. The evacuation of wounded requires transport capacities, and the development of infrastructure is unthinkable without material transport. This strong interdependence requires an integrated, overarching planning and control, such as that is aimed at, for example, by central commands such as the Bundeswehr's logistics command or the US DLA.

The requirements for these functions change dramatically if the focus of peace operations or stabilization operations changes to state and alliance defense. LV/BV scenarios are characterized by significantly higher consumption, especially ammunition and operating substances, which requires higher capacities in supply, storage and transport. More dynamic surgical guides require mobile repair capacities and more flexible supply points. The increased threat to logistical nodes and lines makes more robust, possibly more decentralized transport and storage concepts. The ability to maintain field is becoming increasingly important, since the removal of the malice device can be difficult or impossible. All of this requires an adaptation of the logistical structures, the equipment (e.g. through protected transport vehicles, mobile workshop containers) and the training of the staff.

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The strategic importance of logistics

Logistics is much more than a subordinate service function; It has a fundamental strategic importance for the armed forces.

The basis for operational readiness and perseverance

The often cited principle “Logistics is not everything, but without logistics everything is nothing” sums up the essential role. The ability to start military operations in the first place and carry out over a longer period of time depends directly on functioning logistical support. The material willingness of weapon systems are directly linked to the availability of spare parts and sufficient maintenance capacities - both core areas of logistics. Bottlenecks in logistics thus directly lead to a reduced operational readiness for the combat force. In addition, logistics also influences personnel through. The adequate care of the soldiers with meals, clothing, accommodation and medical care is of crucial not only for physical performance, but also for the combat morality.

The influence on surgical planning and implementation

Logistics is not only reactive, but also acts as a regulating factor in surgical planning and implementation. Logistic ranges, transport capacities and the availability of replenishment significantly influence the choice of surgical goals, the definition of lines of operation and focus as well as the possible pace of an operation. The logistical skills often define the so -called “culminating point” - the moment when a force can no longer continue the attack due to logistical exhaustion. In the context of the LV/BV, the ability to rapid strategic relocation of forces over large distances is a central requirement. Exercises demonstrate this. This mobility depends entirely on powerful transport and support capacities, whereby Germany is playing a key role as a logistical “hub” in Europe due to its geographical location. A flexible and reaction -fast logistics also enables military leadership to react to unforeseen location developments and to quickly move forces to where they are needed.

The contribution to deterrence

The strategic importance of logistics also manifests itself in its contribution to deterrent. A visible, robust and powerful logistics signals potential opponents the ability and will to be able to use armed forces sustainably over longer periods and under difficult conditions. This strengthens the credibility of military skills and thus the deterrent effect. In particular, the ability to quickly react and laying, which depends largely on logistics, is a key factor here. Logistical skills can also serve as an instrument of “Soft Power”, for example in the support of humanitarian aid operations or building capacities in partnerships, which in turn consolidates strategic relationships.

Logistics as a strategic “enabler” and “asset”

In the context of the LV/BV in particular, the logistics itself becomes a strategic “asset”. Their availability, performance and resilience are no longer just supportive elements, but critical prerequisites and co -designer of strategic options for action. Support logistical resources become a strategic factor that has to be carefully managed.

The strategic importance of logistics has increased significantly in the current security policy environment, which is characterized by the return to the LV/BV and the reality of “Contested Logistics”. It is no longer a subordinate service provider, but a critical factor that can decide on success or failure at operational and strategic level. LV/BV scenarios place extreme logistical requirements regarding intensity, dynamics and spatial expansion. At the same time, it must be assumed that logistical lines and nodes are specifically attacked by the opponent. A collapse of logistics under these conditions inevitably leads to the failure of the military operation. The ability to maintain logistics under threat is thus an independent strategic core ability and a prerequisite for every credible defense and deterrent position. This requires a re -evaluation of priorities and resource equipment for logistics.

The analysis of the latest military conflicts, especially the war in Ukraine, underlines the serious consequences of neglected or poorly planned logistics. Reports emphasize logistical difficulties in replenishment, maintenance and transport as an essential factor for surgical problems. The destruction of supply points, for example by drone attacks, forced the development of new, more mobile and more resilient care concepts. These observations serve as important “Lessons Learned” for western armed forces and emphasize the need to make your own logistics more resistant and adaptable. The ability to effectively plan, control and carry out logistics is therefore an as important indicator of military strength as the pure number of modern weapons systems.

Challenges and complexities

Defense logistics operates in an environment that is characterized by numerous challenges and high complexity:

Security aspects

The physical security of logistical operations is a constant challenge. Logistics convoys, depots, transport routes (on land, to sea and in the air) as well as critical infrastructures such as ports and airfields are potential goals for attacks by conventional weapons, sabotage or terrorist acts. This requires comprehensive protective measures, the use of hardened or protected systems and possibly a decentralization of logistical nodes to reduce vulnerability. In addition to the physical threat, cyber security in digitized logistics is becoming more important. Logistical networks, databases and control systems are attractive destinations for cyber attacks that aim to disturb, manipulate or output data or paralyze autonomous systems. Protection against such attacks requires robust cyber security architectures, redundant communication channels, encrypted data transmission and constant vigilance. Insider threats and classic espionage to obtain sensitive logistical information are also a risk.

Operational environments

The biggest overarching challenge is the concept of the “Contested Logistics”. This describes a surgical environment in which an opponent actively and across all domains tries to disturb, prevent or destroy the logistical operations of their own strength. This means that logistics no longer primarily takes place in the backward space assumed, but is an integral part of the modern battlefield and itself becomes the goal. This requires fundamental change in thinking - away from pure efficiency optimization under peace conditions to prioritization of resilience, robustness and effectiveness under constant threat. Traditional, often centralized and maximum efficiency laid out logistics structures are extremely vulnerable in such an environment. New approaches such as decentralization, the use of hardened or mobile infrastructure, the use of autonomous systems for risk minimization, robust and redundant means of communication as well as integrated protection of logistical forces and facilities must be prioritized. This has far -reaching consequences for doctrine, training, procurement and the organization of the logistics force. In addition, specific geographical and climatic conditions make significant requirements. Large distances, such as those occurring in the Pacific or when moving to the NATO-East flank, require long and potentially vulnerable care lines. Difficult terrain, extreme climate conditions and the lack or the destruction of infrastructure make transport and storage difficult. Operations in the urban environment have their own logistical complexities, for example in navigation, securing supply points and the distribution in densely built -up areas. The high dynamics and unpredictability of modern conflicts also requires logistics concepts that can be flexibly and quickly adapted to changing layers.

International cooperation

Since military operations take place almost exclusively today, international cooperation in logistics is essential, but also contains specific challenges. A central problem is the lack of interoperability. Differences in equipment, technical standards, logistical procedures and IT systems make seamless cooperation and the exchange of resources more difficult. A lack of standardization increases the complexity and costs, since different supply goods and spare parts have to be kept for different nations. Political and legal hurdles represent further obstacles. Bureaucratic approval procedures for the crossing of the border between troops and materials or different national regulations can hinder quick relocations. Initiatives such as “Military Mobility” at EU and NATO levels aim to reduce these administrative barriers. The coordination and fair distribution of logistical tasks and costs in multinational operations are complex and require clear agreements and trust. There is potential for conflict with regard to the load division, especially in short resources. The dependence on the support of the host country (Host Nation Support, HNS) or civilian service providers also carries risks and potential weaknesses if this support is not available to the extent or in good time. These challenges are not only technical nature (interoperability, standards), but also have a strong political and cultural dimension. Political differences within alliances such as NATO or divergent national interests can restrict the willingness to cooperate, standardize or jointly finance logistical skills. Cultural differences in the way of working, understanding of leadership or in the risk of risk can make daily cooperation in multinational rods and units difficult. A lack of trust or unclear responsibilities can undermine the effectiveness of cooperation models. In addition to technical solutions, successful multinational logistics therefore requires, above all, continuous political dialogue, regular joint exercises to build trust and harmonize procedures as well as clear and binding agreements.

resources

Defense logistics is extremely resource -intensive. It requires significant financial resources for personnel, the purchase and storage of material, transport services, the construction and operation of storage and maintenance facilities as well as for the necessary modernization. It is not uncommon for logistics to be referred to as a “defect resource”, which may not receive the necessary priority in budget planning. Another critical factor is the staff. There is a high need for well-trained military and civilian specialist staff in all logistical areas-from drivers to warehouse managers and repair specialists to planners and IT experts. The demographic change and the competition to the civil labor market make it difficult to win and bond qualified staff. After all, the material resources are often limited. The availability of sufficient means of transport (strategic air and sea transport, trucks, railway wagons), modern storage capacities and efficient repair facilities is crucial, but not always to the extent required.

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Current developments and trends

In response to the challenges mentioned and increasing performance, defense logistics are subject to constant change, which is characterized by technological developments and new conceptual approaches:

Digitization (Logistics 4.0)

The concepts of Industry 4.0 are increasingly used in military logistics, often under the keyword “Logistics 4.0” or “Military Logistics 4.0”. The core is the comprehensive digital networking of all logistical processes and actors. This enables real-time tracking of supply goods and means of transport using GPS and RFID technology, which significantly increases transparency in the supply chain. Common data rooms are sought in which logistical information can be shared and used for planning and control purposes. The vision also includes the use of “digital twins” of weapons systems or logistical processes to carry out simulations and identify optimization potential. This database enables data -driven logistics. Artificial intelligence (AI) and mechanical learning are used for more precise demand forecasts, the optimization of transport routes and inventory as well as for the forward -looking maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Specific IT systems support these processes. However, a central challenge remains to ensure interoperability between different national and multinational systems and to ensure a high level of data quality as the basis for reliable analyzes and decisions. Digitization and automation are not just trends for pure increase in efficiency. Rather, they represent necessary answers to the immense challenges, which result from the complexity of modern supply chains, the required speed of military operations and the permanent threat in the context of LV/BV and “Contested Logistics”. The sheer amount of data to be processed and the complexity of the planning tasks overwhelmed increasingly manual processes. The required high reaction speed requires accelerated information processing and decision making, which can only be achieved by digital systems. AI can help to recognize complex patterns, to predict more precise and generate decision -making suggestions. These technologies are therefore essential in order to be able to achieve the required logistical performance under the difficult conditions of modern conflict scenarios.

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Automation and robotics

The trend towards automation and the use of robotics in logistics is closely linked to digitization. Autonomous systems play a growing role here. This includes unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for the fast transport of goods, especially on the “last mile” to difficult -to -reach or endangered units (e.g. for medical material or urgent spare parts). Autonomous land vehicles are developed and tried out for replenishment in combat zones, to relieve soldiers when wearing heavy loads or potentially for partial autonomous convoys. Mobile manipulators open up new uses in material handling and inspection tasks. Automation is also progressing in warehousing and repair. Examples are automated warehouse systems for increasing the storage density and envelope speed as well as robot-based systems for maintenance and repair tasks. The human-robot collaboration, in which so-called cobots work directly with human staff, is also becoming more important. The goals of automation and robotics in defense logistics are diverse: increase in efficiency and speed, reduction of physically severe or repetitative work to relieve the staff, minimize risk for soldiers through the use of unmanned systems in dangerous environments and ultimately an increase in reaction and flexibility of the entire logistics system. Autonomous systems can take on tasks in endangered zones that would be too risky for humans and thus contribute directly to the protection of the troop.

Sustainability (“Green Logistics”)

Sustainability and climate protection have become important political goals that also influence the defense sector. International agreements and national requirements set the framework. The Bundeswehr reacted to this with its own sustainability and climate protection strategy. The measures include various areas: increase in energy efficiency in buildings and in the operation of properties, expansion of the use of renewable energies, consideration of sustainability criteria in the procurement of material and services, promotion of sustainable mobility in the administrative area and research on alternative fuels for military vehicles, ships and aircraft. Concepts for more energy -efficient and sustainable military logistics are also being used in an international framework. However, the implementation of sustainability goals in defense logistics is a complex field of tension. There is an inherent tension between ecological responsibility and political pressure on the one hand and the absolute need to ensure military effectiveness and operational readiness under all circumstances. Military operations are naturally extremely resource -intensive. Measures to increase sustainability must not affect the robustness, reliability and performance of the military systems. It is important to develop and implement technologies that are both more sustainable and meet the hard military requirements. In short to medium term, compromises could be necessary in which the order and operational readiness to ensure. In the long term, however, a fundamental transformation towards a more climate -neutral defense logistics is inevitable and is sought.

Use of civil capacities (Host Nation Support - HNS)

Host Nation Support describes the civilian and military support that a host country grants the armed or friendly nations that are on its territory or cross it. The range of services is wide and can transport transport support, the provision of rest areas and accommodations, the supply of operating material and meals, medical emergency care, technical support for vehicle failures, handling services in ports and at airports, the provision of storage areas as well as security and protection tasks. This also includes diplomatic and administrative support. Due to its central geostrategic situation in Europe, HNS has an outstanding importance for Germany. It acts as an indispensable hub for laying NATO staff. The ability of Germany to perform effective HNS is therefore a critical factor for the ability to react and defend the entire NATO. The organization and coordination of HNS is a complex task that requires close civil-military cooperation. Not only are military resources used, but also integrated to civilian authorities and commercial companies to a significant extent. HNS is therefore not a purely military, but an overall task. The principle applies to reciproc: the Bundeswehr also receives HNS if it moves in other NATO countries. The focus on LV/BV and the associated requirements faster and extensive troops have increased the importance of HNS massively. The ability to quickly and smoothly smuggle large allied contingents through Germany is essential for NATO's deterrent and defense ability. Since the Bundeswehr cannot provide these support capacities alone, the integration and use of civil infrastructure and civil service provider is indispensable. This requires seamless coordination between the military, civilian authorities and the private sector as well as clear legal framework conditions and well -established procedures. The effectiveness of the HNS system is therefore a critical factor for the alliance ability of Germany and NATO's ability to act in Europe.

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Strategic planning newly thought: Bundeswehr and the logistics of the state defense

Main actors and organizational structures

Responsibility for defense logistics is distributed to various actors and organizational levels, both nationally and in the alliance framework:

Bundeswehr

Within the Bundeswehr, the central service provider for many cross -sectional logistical tasks was traditionally. In the course of a structural reform, however, the SKB was dissolved on April 2024 and its tasks and forces were transferred to the new support area. The central capacity command for the logistics of the entire Bundeswehr is the Logistics Command of the Bundeswehr (Logkdobw) based in Erfurt. It bundles responsibility and competence for the logistical commitment, the training, the further development of logistical concepts as well as the planning and control of the Bundeswehr logistics in basic and in use. The logistical forces of the support area are subject to the logistical forces, including mobile logistics troops (logistics regiments and logistics battalions), inpatient logistical institutions (the Bundeswehr logistics center) as well as training and special skills (the logistics school of the Bundeswehr, the special pioneering regiment 164 and the center of the motorway). In addition to the centralized logistics in the support area, the sub -dispute, in particular the army, have their own organic army logistics troops (e.g. the Brigades' supply battalions). The Federal Office for Equipment, Information Technology and Use of the Bundeswehr (BAAINBW) is responsible for the procurement of material and equipment as well as usage management via the life cycle. Air Force and Marine also have their own logistical elements for their specific needs. The chosen organizational structure with a strong centralization of overarching logistics functions in the logkdobw under the roof of the support area reflects the endeavor to bundle skills and increase resource efficiency. However, this potentially has the challenge of ensuring the necessary flexibility and closeness to the operational needs for the army. The clear delimitation between the central logistics of the support area and organic army logistics requires precisely defined interfaces and smooth coordination mechanisms. The realignment of the very dynamic and demanding scenarios of the LV/BV could in future require even greater integration or at least a closer operational interlinking of these various logistics actors in order to ensure the required high responsiveness.

NATO

There are several central players for multinational logistics in the alliance framework: NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) based in Luxembourg is the main agency for multinational logistics support. It carries out procurements, organizes maintenance services and manages logistics for certain weapons systems on behalf of the member nations. It plays a key role in the implementation of cooperative logistics concepts that aim at cost savings through scale effects and increase in efficiency. The Allied Committee 135 (AC/135) is the responsible body for the NATO Codification System (NCS), which ensures uniform identification and classification of supply goods in the alliance. The Joint Support and Enabling Command (JSEC) in Ulm is an operational NATO command that is specifically responsible for planning, coordination and ensuring the relocation of troops and logistical support in the rear of Europe. It plays a central role in the orchestration of HNS services. The NATO command structure itself generates the logistical requirements for alliance operations and exercises through its surgical planning. Specific formations such as the NATO Response Force (NRF) and its spearhead, the very high readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF), make particularly high demands on logistical readiness and the ability to rapid multinational coordination.

USA (as a reference and partner)

The United States have a highly developed and resource-strong military logistics, which often serves as a reference and is an important cooperation partner for European nations: The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) is the central, globally operating logistics agency of the US Department of Defense. She manages the entire global defense supply chain for all sub -armed forces and numerous partnerships, procures goods worth many billions of dollars a year and has a huge network of warehouses and distribution centers. There are traditional logistics troops such as the Quartermaster Corps and the Ornance Corps within the US Army. Theater Sustainment Commands (TSC) are responsible for the operational logistical support of US armed forces in a certain region (e.g. Europe). They coordinate the logistical resources that are necessary to ensure the operational and perseverance of the troops. The US military logistics are characterized by its global approach, its high investments in technology and close interlinking with the armaments industry. The ability to quickly lay forces and material over large distances is a cornerstone of the US military strategy. However, US logistics are also confronted with challenges, such as the need to reduce costs, increase efficiency and improve cyber security. The experiences and innovations of US logistics offer valuable suggestions for European nations and NATO that want to develop their own logistical skills.

Application examples from practice

The complexity and importance of defense logistics becomes particularly clear using concrete examples from recent missions and exercises.

Use: Deduction from Mali (Minusma)

The deduction of the Bundeswehr from the UN mission in Mali until the end of 2023 was a significant logistical challenge. Over a period of ten years, a large number of material had accumulated in the German emergency contingent, especially in the Camp Castor in GAO. This material had to be relocated to Germany under considerable time pressure, since the Malian transitional government called for an end to the mission, which accelerated the original German deduction plan. The logistical operation included identification, sorting, packaging, disinfection and, if necessary, demilitarization of the material. Due to the security situation and the major distances to the next seaport, the removal was primarily on the air path, which was made more difficult by the limited capacity of the airport in GAO. Leipzig/Halle Airport served as the central hub in Germany for the incoming transports. Material that was not attributed had to be used (auctioned) or disposed of on site. The entire operation required detailed planning and coordination by the Bundeswehr command command and the logistics experts on site under difficult political and security -relevant framework conditions.

Exercises: VJTF, Quadriga/Steadfast Defender, Blue Lightning, Alü

Grand exercises are essential to train and check logistical skills, especially in the context of the LV/BV. Preparing for the provision of forces for the VJTF of NATO contains intensive logistical exercises. The alarm, the march over long distances, the construction of mobile battle stands and supply points in the field as well as the supply of the combat force are practiced under the use of conditions. The focus here is on reaction fastness and the ability to multiply multinational cooperation. Quadriga 2024, the German contribution to the NATO major exercise Steadfast Defender 2024, was the greatest relocation exercise by the Bundeswehr for decades. Over 12,000 soldiers practiced the alarm and strategic laying of troops and materials (including heavy tanks) to the NATO east flank. The aim was to demonstrate the ability to rapid reaction in the alliance and to test the logistical processes, including the use of Germany as a hub, under realistic conditions. This exercise explicitly served the “new learning” of skills that were neglected in the course of the focus on IKM. The exercise Blue Lightning focused on logistics in Germany and the organization of the replenishment in an emergency, with around 1,400 soldiers and 600 vehicles, some of which were moved in convoys on public roads. The training and teaching exercise (Alü) impressively demonstrated the immense logistical effort to supply a combat troop brigade in the highly intensive battle. Exemplary daily requirements were fuel at 210 tons of ammunition and 125,000 liters. The establishment and operation of brigade supply points with the elements were shown and repaired supplies and repairs on an area of ​​up to 60 square kilometers.

Support of Ukraine

The military support of Ukraine by Germany since the beginning of the Russian attack war has been a massive and persistent logistical operation. It includes the delivery of a wide range of goods from the Bundeswehr's stocks and directly from the armaments industry: weapons, ammunition, aircraft systems, armored vehicles, bridge laying systems, drone material and personal equipment. The logistical challenges lie in the organization of the transports, often through logistics hubs in neighboring countries, ensuring a continuous replenishment of ammunition and spare parts as well as the organization of repair services. Another important logistical aspect is the organization of the training of Ukrainian soldiers in Germany, which includes planning and carrying out the arrival and departure via special hip crosss. The delivery of specific logistics vehicles also underlines the importance of logistics for the Ukrainian armed forces themselves.

These practical examples illustrate the enormous complexity, the high resource requirements and the critical importance of defense logistics under real or realistic conditions. The deduction from Mali, the ongoing support of Ukraine and the implementation of huge exercises show that modern military logistics goes far beyond simple transport tasks. It requires detailed, forward -looking planning, precise coordination of various actors, specialized skills and considerable material and personnel resources.

Grand exercises such as Quadriga and Steadfast Defender in particular are indispensable in order to train and validate the logistical skills necessary for national and alliance defense. The ability to rapid strategic relocation of forces over long distances is a core of the NATO scar and defense strategy. Since this ability is partially atrophied on foreign missions during the long phase of focus on the focus, it must be systematically “learned” and practiced. Such exercises test the entire logistical chain-from the alarm and mobilization to the various transport phases and the handling of border crossings to the application of HNS procedures and ensuring supply in transit and in the area of ​​application. In this way, logistical bottlenecks, bureaucratic obstacles and interoperability problems are uncovered, which can only be identified by such practical tests and then addressed. These exercises are therefore an essential instrument for adapting and improving defense logistics on the increased requirements of the LV/BV.

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Comparison: Defense logistics vs. civilian/commercial logistics

Although both forms of logistics have the goal of moving and providing goods and services, they differ in fundamental aspects with regard to their goals, framework conditions, requirements and processes.

The decisive difference is the prioritization of the goals. While civilian/commercial logistics primarily aims at efficiency - i.e. cost minimization, profit maximization and fast throughput times under optimized conditions - the main goal of defense logistics is effectiveness. This means ensuring the supply and support under all circumstances to ensure the order fulfillment of the armed forces. Resilience, redundancy and security have absolute priority over pure cost optimization. The perseverance over longer periods is another core destination. Although costs also play a role in military logistics and it is an attempt to act economically, but in case of doubt, security must be guaranteed, even if this is more expensive or less efficient. This different primacy shapes all other aspects.

The surgical environments differ drastically. Civil logistics usually operate in a stable, safe environment with a well -developed infrastructure and within clear legal framework. Military logistics, on the other hand, often have to act in insecure, volatile or even enemy environments. It must expect extreme climatic and geographical conditions, damaged or completely missing infrastructure and the constant threat to enemy. Losses of material and personnel as well as the destruction of transport routes and stores are factual risks.

Defense logistics must handle specific military material that hardly occurs in the civilian world: weapons, ammunition, sensitive technology, hazardous substances, heavy and often oversized equipment. Transport and storage require special procedures and safety precautions, often under tactical conditions. The staff must not only be logistically, but also militarily trained, physically and mentally robust, flexible and capable of working under high stress and threat. The ability of improvisation and field -like repair under simple conditions are often crucial. Civil logistics mainly transports standardized goods in standardized processes; The staff is primarily civil and often highly specialized.

Planning in military logistics is characterized by high uncertainty and dynamic situation developments. It must be flexible and adaptive, often based on the principle of “order tactics”. The logistical planning is closely interlinked with the military-tactical leadership and must support their requirements. Security aspects and the minimization of risks are dominant planning factors. Specific military management and information systems are used. Civil logistics planning is more common on relatively stable forecasts, long -term contracts and the goal of optimizing routes and stocks. She uses commercial enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems.

Defense logistics are subject to specific military standards and places special demands on robustness, camouflage ability, electromagnetic compatibility and the protection of material and equipment. The adaptation of new technologies is often slower than in the civil sector due to long procurement cycles, high security requirements and the need for interoperability with older systems. Civil logistics are based on commercial standards and often adapted innovations faster, driven by competitive pressure.

Despite the fundamental differences, there are areas of rapprochement and mutual learning. The military is increasingly proving proven practices and technologies from civil logistics, such as concepts of logistics 4.0, the outsourcing of certain services to civilian providers, the use of civil capacities as part of HNS or approaches such as category management for bundling procurement. Conversely, the civilian economy, especially from experiences with global crises, recognizes the importance of resilience and risk management in supply chains - aspects that traditionally have a high priority in military logistics. The need for civil-military cooperation, especially in the case of HNS or the securing of critical infrastructures, promotes the exchange and partial alignment of processes and standards.

Defense logistics in change: strategic key role and current trends

The analysis illustrates the central and growing strategic importance of defense logistics in the current security policy context. It is much more than a supporting function; It is a fundamental strategic enabler that only enables the operational readiness, perseverance and ultimately the credibility of military power. In particular, the return to the state and alliance defense and the increasing reality of operations in an endangered environment present logistics in front of immense challenges, but at the same time increase its relevance.

The core functions - supply, material maintenance, transport, storage, medical service and infrastructure - are complex and strongly dependent. Their performance is influenced by numerous factors, including safety threats, difficult operational environments, the complexities of multinational cooperation and, last but not least, limited resources.

In response to this, there are clear trends: digitization and the use of automation and robotics are not only efficiency drivers, but also necessary means to master complexity, to shorten response times and to protect personnel in endangered areas. The pursuit of sustainability represents a field of tension that requires innovative solutions to reconcile ecological responsibility with military necessity. The increased use of civil capacities, especially in the context of Host Nation Support, is gaining in importance, but requires close civil-military coordination.

In the future, this results in clear fields of action:

Further development of the “manivity”

Logistics must consistently be geared towards the requirements of highly intensive, dynamic and endangered operations as part of the LV/BV. This requires robust, mobile, decentralized and protected structures and processes.

Coping with “Contested Logistics”

Resilience must become the central design principle. This includes investments in protection, redundancy, alternative transport routes, secure communication and cyber defense for logistical systems.

Strengthening multinational cooperation

Interoperability and standardization must continue to be promoted. Common procurement, use of agencies such as NSPA and the strengthening of commands such as JSEC are essential to raise and share synergies. The reduction of bureaucratic hurdles (military mobility) remains a permanent task.

Integration of new technologies

The potential of digitization, AI and autonomous systems must be used consistently, whereby the associated risks must be managed at the same time.

Balance of effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability

Intelligent solutions are required to ensure military performance, to use resources economically and at the same time to pursue sustainability goals.

Specialist generation and binding

In view of the need for qualified staff, attractive training and career models must be funded in military logistics.

Closer civil-military interlinking

Cooperation with civilian authorities and industry must be intensified in areas such as HNS, securing of critical infrastructure and use of dual -use technologies.

Adaptation of training and doctrine

Logistic thinking must be an integral part of military training at all levels. Doctrines must reflect the new challenges and technological options.

Continuous investments in modern logistical skills, promoting innovation and adaptation and strong multinational and civil-military cooperation are essential to ensure that defense logistics can continue to form the backbone of successful military operations and credible deterrence.

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