Solar / Photovoltaic Glossary
Published on: June 19, 2021 / Update from: September 10, 2021 - Author: Konrad Wolfenstein
Solar / Photovoltaic Glossary – Image: Kampan|Shutterstock.com
Glossary with terms from the photovoltaics / solar economy in alphabetical order
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
In Germany, the field number (AZ), also known as the field value number or soil points (BP), is an index that measures the quality of arable land. It is based on the soil number through additions and deductions based on factors such as climate or selected landscape features such as: B. Slope inclination and forest shadow are determined insofar as these deviate from the standard values (including 8 °C average annual temperature, 600 mm average annual precipitation, no or very low slope inclination). The number of fields can be seen as a correction of the number of soils by evaluating the natural conditions of the individual location.
The scale of possible values ranges from 1 (very bad) to 120 (very good). A map series that shows the field value is the DGK 5 Bo was drawn up as part of the imperial land valuation See also: Land Estimation Act
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In comparison to the isolated solution, the autonomous or self-sufficient power supply is also about independence from the public power grid, whereby excess electricity can be integrated into the public power grid at any time and fetched from there again if necessary. The higher the degree of autonomy, the greater the independence from the public power grid and the greater the possibility of monetizing the solar power you produce yourself.
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A building permit or building permit, also known as a building permit in Austria, Switzerland and the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, is, in public building law, the permission to build, modify or remove a structure. It is issued by a building control authority.
The building permit is a so-called favorable administrative act with a burdensome effect on third parties: it benefits the builder who receives the permit, but under certain circumstances burdens his neighbors.
As a so-called “construction law clearance declaration”, it states in a legally binding manner that the project does not contradict regulations that must be examined in the building approval process. There is a right to the grant. When allowing exceptions and exemptions (§ 31 BauGB), which are at the discretion of the approval authority, the building permit also has a constitutive effect, i.e. it establishes the law.
A building permit or building permit, also known as a building permit in Austria, Switzerland and the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, is, in public building law, the permission to build, modify or remove a structure. It is issued by a building control authority.
The building permit is a so-called favorable administrative act with a burdensome effect on third parties: it benefits the builder who receives the permit, but under certain circumstances burdens his neighbors.
As a so-called “construction law clearance declaration”, it states in a legally binding manner that the project does not contradict regulations that must be examined in the building approval process. There is a right to the grant. When allowing exceptions and exemptions (§ 31 BauGB), which are at the discretion of the approval authority, the building permit also has a constitutive effect, i.e. it establishes the law.
A building permit or building permit, also known as a building permit in Austria, Switzerland and the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, is, in public building law, the permission to build, modify or remove a structure. It is issued by a building control authority.
The building permit is a so-called favorable administrative act with a burdensome effect on third parties: it benefits the builder who receives the permit, but under certain circumstances burdens his neighbors.
As a so-called “construction law clearance declaration”, it states in a legally binding manner that the project does not contradict regulations that must be examined in the building approval process. There is a right to the grant. When allowing exceptions and exemptions (§ 31 BauGB), which are at the discretion of the approval authority, the building permit also has a constitutive effect, i.e. it establishes the law.
Land-use planning is the most important planning tool for directing and ordering the urban development of a community in Germany. The procedure used in Austria is called local spatial planning and is structured similarly to the German procedure, although there are differences. Spatial planning in Switzerland, on the other hand, differs fundamentally from that in Germany and Austria due to the pronounced federalism.
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A development plan (binding land-use plan) is an instrument of spatial planning in Germany. It contains the legally binding regulations for the urban planning regulations of part of a municipal area and forms the basis for further measures required to implement the Building Code (BauGB) (Section 8 Paragraph 1 BauGB).
In the development plan, a municipality, by resolution of its municipal council, sets out the permissible, urban development-relevant uses on a piece of land according to type and size.[1]
Development plans must generally be developed from the land use plan (preparatory land use plan) (Section 8 Paragraph 2 - 4 BauGB). Suitable for:
The compensatory allowance for disadvantaged areas is used in some federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany and in Austria as an instrument for the widespread preservation of agriculture in disadvantaged areas. This measure was developed from the EEC's mountain farming program.
In the supported disadvantaged areas, the tendency to abandon agriculture is higher than in non-disadvantaged areas due to more difficult natural production conditions - due to altitude, slope, climatic conditions, accessibility or poor soil quality. Disadvantaged areas are divided into the categories of mountain areas, disadvantaged agricultural zones and small areas. In addition to difficult production conditions, disadvantaged areas also have a low population density.
In Germany, 50% of agricultural land is designated as disadvantaged areas. The delimitation criteria are regulated by Directive 86/465/EEC.
The soil value number (BWZ), also known as the soil climate number (BKZ), is a comparative value in Germany for assessing the productivity of agricultural soils. It is therefore also an economic key figure. It is determined using the soil assessment and ranges from 0 (very low) to approximately 100 (very high). The values are based on a standard community with a value of 100. Theoretically, values over 100 are also possible via climate surcharges. Internationally, soil fertility is determined using the soil classification system of the World Reference Base for soil resources, and in the USA using data from the USDA Soil Taxonomy.
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In Germany, the field number (AZ), also known as the field value number or soil points (BP), is an index that measures the quality of arable land. It is based on the soil number through additions and deductions based on factors such as climate or selected landscape features such as: B. Slope inclination and forest shadow are determined insofar as these deviate from the standard values (including 8 °C average annual temperature, 600 mm average annual precipitation, no or very low slope inclination). The number of fields can be seen as a correction of the number of soils by evaluating the natural conditions of the individual location.
The scale of possible values ranges from 1 (very bad) to 120 (very good). A map series that shows the field value is the DGK 5 Bo was drawn up as part of the imperial land valuation See also: Land Estimation Act
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The German law on the estimation of cultivated agricultural soil (Bodenprognosesgesetz - BodSchätzG) of December 20, 2007, as the successor to the law on the estimation of cultivated soil in Germany of October 16, 1934 ( Reichsbodenprognose ), last amended on October 11, 1995, provides that “for the purpose of a fair distribution of taxes, a planned design of land use and an improvement of the mortgage documents” (§ 1) a comprehensive assessment of “agriculturally usable areas” is carried out. On the one hand, the condition of the soil should be determined and, on the other hand, the natural yield conditions (soil quality, terrain design and climatic conditions) should be assessed (§ 2). Selected model properties serve as a reference for the assessments (§ 4). The results must be disclosed and recorded in the property cadastre (§ 9, § 11). If there is a significant change in the soil conditions or if the standard value is newly determined, the results of the soil assessment must be checked (§ 12, § 13).
Land valuation, also known as credit rating or rating, refers to the assessment of the yield capacity and thus the estimate of the value (soil creditworthiness) of agricultural properties (arable land or grassland soil). For this purpose, the yield capacity of the property is first assessed as part of the arable land or grassland assessment, which results solely from the soil and, in the case of grassland, also from the climate. Additions or deductions are then made that take the terrain characteristics (e.g. slope) into account. See also: Land Estimation Act
Soil compaction occurs when the application of high load causes deformation and thus a change in the three-phase soil system.
With a relatively low load, a reversible (elastic) deformation occurs, which springs back to its original state after the load has ended. If a load occurs beyond the point of preload, a plastic deformation occurs that is not reversible and therefore does not spring back completely to the initial state. This means that, especially when the preload is exceeded, the soil particles shear against each other and this is regulated with an increase in the solid phase with a simultaneous decrease in the liquid and gaseous phase. The compaction can reach far into the depths; it depends on the pressure distribution (pressure bulb) under the load.
Surface sealing or soil sealing refers to the covering of the natural soil by human structures. The reason we speak of surface sealing is because precipitation can no longer penetrate the soil from above and so many of the processes that normally take place there are stopped. Invisible structures below the earth's surface are also counted as sealing, such as: E.g. pipes, channels, foundations and heavily compacted soils.
The degree of soil sealing is determined based on the soil points . The following applies to green or arable areas: from an ecological point of view, a low soil score is suitable for a photovoltaic open-space system (ideally below 25 soil points, not more than 25 soil points).
The soil value number (BWZ), also known as the soil climate number (BKZ), is a comparative value in Germany for assessing the productivity of agricultural soils. It is therefore also an economic key figure. It is determined using the soil assessment and ranges from 0 (very low) to approximately 100 (very high). The values are based on a standard community with a value of 100. Theoretically, values over 100 are also possible via climate surcharges. Internationally, soil fertility is determined using the soil classification system of the World Reference Base for soil resources, and in the USA using data from the USDA Soil Taxonomy.
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The DGK 5 Bo, a variant of the German Base Map, is the soil map based on the soil estimation as a result of the Soil Estimation Act of 1934. The results of the Reich Soil Estimation were interpreted in terms of soil science and presented as a map. Since the aim of the land assessment was to determine the quality of the soil as a basis for taxation, the boundaries of this land map are based primarily on field and property boundaries.
Delineation criteria relevant to soil science such as soil type, soil type, water conditions (groundwater, backwater) are taken into account to a lesser extent or not at all. The soil value number, which also depends on the prevailing climate and terrain conditions, is the basis for the number of acres (also called soil points), which is given as a benchmark for the yield of soils.
Based on the German base map 1:5,000, the soil map contains the results of the soil estimation according to the Soil Estimation Act of October 16, 1934 as well as information about the soil condition up to a depth of two meters based on soil profiles. Evaluation key and soil type are explained in the symbol explanation. The soil map provides an overview of the structure, structure and value relationships of the soils from a geological and soil science perspective. This map is needed, among other things, for property transactions, economic advice, land consolidation and soil improvement.
The German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG 2021) regulates the preferential feeding of electricity from renewable sources into the electricity grid and guarantees their producers fixed feed-in tariffs. Since 2000, it has gradually expanded the previous electricity feed-in law.
According to the EEG 2021, the proportion of electricity generated from renewable energies is expected to increase to 65% by 2030. Before 2050, all electricity consumed in the Federal Republic of Germany should be generated in a greenhouse gas-neutral manner.
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The EEG levy gives operators of renewable energies investment and planning security, because the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) guarantees a fixed remuneration. Renewable Energy Act, the operators of the power grids and their infrastructure must preferentially purchase electricity from renewable energies. The electricity purchase prices for renewable energies are regulated EEG The network operators trade the electricity subsidized by the EEG .
The difference between the expenses and income from electricity trading is offset with the EEG levy. Because electricity from renewable energies is traded more expensively than from conventional sources (nuclear power and coal are much more heavily subsidized and must also be borne by the taxpayer), the remuneration set in the EEG is reimbursed by the electricity network operators to the operators of renewable energies and the difference passed on to electricity customers.
Emission rights trading, emissions trading or trading with emissions certificates, is a market-based instrument for combating environmental pollution that creates economic incentives to reduce pollutant emissions. Emissions trading systems for CO2 and other greenhouse gases are used in China, the European Union and other countries as an important tool to curb climate change.
In an emissions trading system, a central authority distributes or sells a limited number of certificates that authorize the emission of a certain amount of a pollutant over a defined period of time. At the end of the period, issuers must present certificates equal to their emissions. To do this, they must obtain or purchase sufficient certificates from the authorities or other issuers. They can sell excess certificates to other issuers.
Emissions trading is a market-based form of environmental regulation that makes it possible to decide on a decentralized basis how emissions can be reduced most cost-effectively. This is in contrast to regulatory environmental regulations and government subsidies.
There is a broad scientific consensus among economists that emissions trading is an effective and efficient tool for reducing emissions.
The land use plan (preparatory land use plan, FNP) is a spatial planning instrument in the Federal Republic of Germany in which the intended urban development of a community is represented cartographically and textually. It is drawn up by the municipality as an expression of its planning sovereignty and applies to the entire municipal area.
The land uses shown in the land use plan are then specified and legally binding in development plans for individual parts of the municipal area. Together, land use plans and development plans form the municipal land-use planning.
The possible contents, the process of drawing up the plan and the legal consequences of the land use plan are defined in the Building Code. Additional specifications regarding the content can be found in the Building Use Ordinance and the Planning Signs Ordinance.
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Surface sealing or soil sealing refers to the covering of the natural soil by human structures. The reason we speak of surface sealing is because precipitation can no longer penetrate the soil from above and so many of the processes that normally take place there are stopped. Invisible structures below the earth's surface are also counted as sealing, such as: E.g. pipes, channels, foundations and heavily compacted soils.
The degree of soil sealing is determined based on the soil points . The following applies to green or arable areas: from an ecological point of view, a low soil score is suitable for a photovoltaic open-space system (ideally below 25 soil points, not more than 25 soil points).
A ground-mounted photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic system that is not installed on a building or on a facade, but rather at ground level in an open area. A ground-mounted system is a permanently installed system in which the photovoltaic modules are aligned at an optimal angle to the sun (azimuth) using a substructure.
An outdoor photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic system that is not installed on a building or on a facade, but rather at ground level in an open area. An outdoor system is a permanently installed system in which the photovoltaic modules are aligned at an optimal angle to the sun (azimuth) using a substructure.
The grassland number (GZ) (1 to 100) is a measure of the productivity of grassland when assessing soil. The GZ is determined using the grassland assessment framework of the Reichsland Assessment or the improved Rostock grassland assessment framework. The basis for determining the GZ is the basic grassland number, which indicates the percentage yield ratio of a specific grassland area to the best soil.
The basis for determining the GZ are the soil points as well as five soil types, three soil levels, three climate levels and nine water levels, with increasing wetness being marked by + and increasing dryness by −. Furthermore, corresponding deductions for inclination or relief, loss of area due to ditches and paths, etc. are taken into account. If there are no factors that reduce yield, the GZ corresponds to the basic grassland number.
The yield capacity is based on an estimate of the yield in dt/ha under normal cultivation, converted to good quality. The GZ is methodically determined in the same way as the number of fields / soil points .
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- Number of fields / soil points
- Soil climate number / soil value number
- Agricultural comparative figure
The green space plan (GOP for short) is a term from landscape planning and forms the ecological basis for the development plan. It specifies the requirements of the landscape plan and has no legal effect of its own in most countries; only provisions included in the development plan become binding.
The green space plan often integrates tasks that arise from nature conservation laws (intervention-compensation assessment) or the building code (environmental report).
The position of the green space plan within spatial planning is explained in the article Landscape Planning.
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An isolated solution is a problem solution that solves a specific problem, but is so special that it can no longer be changed to solve another, similar problem.
An isolated solution refers to technical systems that are only effective within their own boundaries and cannot interact or are compatible with similar or related systems of environmental variables. The opposite of this is interoperability. Isolated solutions can also be found in nuclear power plants so that manipulative external intervention can be prevented.
In photovolaics, a solar island system is an independent photovoltaic system that is closed from the outside. The system is not connected to the public power grid in order to feed in the electricity produced. Conversely, no electricity can be supplied “from outside”.
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In urban planning, the term conversion (also change of use or change of use) describes the reintegration of brownfield sites into the economic and natural cycle or the change of use of buildings. It is used primarily as part of the conversion of former military facilities (conversion areas) for civilian purposes. Over the years, the term has also been applied to other development sites. Depending on the location, this can be a structural reuse (revalorization) or a subsequent use of open space (revitalization). As part of the internal development of cities, the focus is on reusing areas and, where possible, buildings. However, it can certainly be appropriate to create a district park even in a densely built-up area.
The Agricultural Comparative Number (LVZ) describes the approximate agricultural or horticultural productivity of a farm based on the law on the assessment of cultivated soil passed on October 16, 1934.
The calculation of the LVZ includes factors such as:
- Soil fertility (soil points)
- general soil conditions
- Soil quality
- climatic conditions
- Watering the soil
- use
- Company size
- Removal of the areas from the company headquarters
This system enables the most objective assessment possible, as well as sufficiently good comparability between different companies.
The LVZ is also included in the subsidies for agricultural businesses.
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What are open parking spaces? This does not mean public parking spaces. Open parking spaces are usually:
- A storage area open on the side walls, not a barn or shed or similar.
- Carports, covered parking spaces
- Uncovered parking spaces
- Parking available on a property
- Outdoor parking spaces
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- The solar filling station of the future
- Solar carports: company parking spaces – sensible use of sealed areas
- Solar carport with electricity storage
Environmental compatibility (also known as ecological compatibility) is a measure of the direct and indirect effects of a change in environmental conditions caused by humans on soils, water, air, climate, people, animals and plants. In political and commercial prose, however, “environmentally friendly” usually refers to a quality of a product or project that is rarely quantified and often only vaguely described.
From an economic perspective, environmental sustainability is the minimization of the environmentally damaging effects of economic, state and individual actions. From a social perspective, environmental sustainability means more satisfaction of needs with far less use of nature. Environmental compatibility corresponds to social compatibility.
A minimum of environmental compatibility is required by law in environmental law. As part of the approval of industrial plants, land use plans, road construction measures, etc., an environmental impact assessment to be carried out. In Germany this is regulated by the Environmental Impact Assessment and in Switzerland by the Environmental Protection Act.
Additional, voluntary environmental compatibility also brings companies image improvements, better sales opportunities, staff motivation, cost reductions (savings on materials and energy) and thus better creditworthiness and risk reduction (health protection, avoidance of future contaminated sites). The environmental sustainability of companies can be promoted through various means, for example through consumer purchasing behavior and government measures such as subsidies, tax reductions and incentive taxes (environmental taxes). However, measures that have a small scope and/or a small impact, but are intensively and widely advertised in the media to promote the image, are classified as greenwashing.
The German law on the estimation of cultivated agricultural land ( BodSchätzG ) of December 20, 2007, as the successor to the law on the estimation of cultivated land in Germany of October 16, 1934 (Reichsbodenesteem), last amended on October 11, 1995, provides that “for the purpose of a fair distribution of taxes, a planned design of land use and an improvement of the mortgage documents” (§ 1) a comprehensive assessment of “agriculturally usable areas” is carried out. On the one hand, the condition of the soil should be determined and, on the other hand, the natural yield conditions (soil quality, terrain design and climatic conditions) should be assessed (§ 2). Selected model properties serve as a reference for the assessments (§ 4). The results must be disclosed and recorded in the property cadastre (§ 9, § 11). If there is a significant change in the soil conditions or if the standard value is newly determined, the results of the soil assessment must be checked (§ 12, § 13).
Land valuation , also known as credit rating or rating, refers to the assessment of the yield capacity and thus the estimate of the value (soil creditworthiness) of agricultural properties (arable land or grassland soil). To do this, the productive capacity of the property is first assessed as part of the arable land or grassland assessment, which results solely from the soil and, in the case of grassland, also from the climate. Additions or deductions are then made that take the terrain characteristics (e.g. slope) into account.
A solar field is a photovoltaic system that is not installed on a building or on a facade, but rather at ground level in an open area. A solar field is a permanently installed system in which the photovoltaic modules are aligned at an optimal angle to the sun (azimuth) using a substructure.
A solar park is a photovoltaic system that is not installed on a building or on a facade, but rather at ground level in an open area. A solar park is a permanently installed system in which the photovoltaic modules are aligned at an optimal angle to the sun (azimuth) using a substructure.
Environmental compatibility (also known as ecological compatibility) is a measure of the direct and indirect effects of a change in environmental conditions caused by humans on soils, water, air, climate, people, animals and plants. In political and commercial prose, however, “environmentally friendly” usually refers to a quality of a product or project that is rarely quantified and often only vaguely described.
From an economic perspective, environmental sustainability is the minimization of the environmentally damaging effects of economic, state and individual actions. From a social perspective, environmental sustainability means more satisfaction of needs with far less use of nature. Environmental compatibility corresponds to social compatibility.
A minimum of environmental compatibility is required by law in environmental law. As part of the approval of industrial plants, land use plans, road construction measures, etc., an environmental impact assessment to be carried out. In Germany this is regulated by the Environmental Impact Assessment and in Switzerland by the Environmental Protection Act.
Additional, voluntary environmental compatibility also brings companies image improvements, better sales opportunities, staff motivation, cost reductions (savings on materials and energy) and thus better creditworthiness and risk reduction (health protection, avoidance of future contaminated sites). The environmental sustainability of companies can be promoted through various means, for example through consumer purchasing behavior and government measures such as subsidies, tax reductions and incentive taxes (environmental taxes). However, measures that have a small scope and/or a small impact, but are intensively and widely advertised in the media to promote the image, are classified as greenwashing.
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an environmental policy instrument for environmental protection with the aim of checking environmentally relevant projects for possible environmental impacts before they are approved. As a rule, it is limited to checking the effects on the environmentally-related protected goods. Economic and social consequences are not part of the EIA. There are other instruments for this, such as: B. the social impact assessment or the sustainability assessment (impact assessment).
Many countries have now implemented environmental impact assessment into their national legal systems; It is increasingly playing an important role in the so-called developing countries as part of sustainable development. International institutions such as The World Bank, for example, with its “Operational Manuals” has a set of tools for environmental impact assessment that is regularly used for project and loan requests.
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