Published on: February 14, 2025 / update from: 14th February 2025 - Author: Konrad Wolfenstein
China's energy transition: away from subsidies and fixed feed -in tariffs to the market -oriented price system - Image: Xpert.digital
China's energy transition 2025: The end of the subsidies, the beginning of the market
Farewell to one -time tariffs: China's market -oriented pricing policy
China faces a pioneering redesign of its energy sector: From June 1, 2025, the state will abolish its traditional support for fixed feed -in tariffs for renewable energies and instead introduce a market -oriented price system. This step is an important milestone that not only reforms the funding system, but can also influence the global market for green electricity.
In recent years, China has impressively demonstrated how quickly a nation can start up its renewable capacities. The country now has over 1,400 gigawatts installed wind and solar systems and has thus exceeded its expansion target that was targeted for 2030. The newly introduced price policy is now intended to ensure that this rapid expansion is not based solely on state subsidies, but is more likely to be based on supply and demand in the future.
This is accompanied by far -reaching changes: existing systems are gradually introduced to the new system, while only the rules of the free market apply after the cut -off date. An immediate consequence of this reform could be that at short notice, projects are increasingly going online in order to enjoy the expiring remuneration schemes. In the long term, however, a self -supporting economic model for renewable energies is to be established, which sustainably strengthens competitiveness.
The following article is devoted to the background, goals and effects of this reform in detail. It illuminates both the technical and economic aspects and illustrates why this step has been considered the greatest change in Chinese pricing for renewable energies since the last major restructuring in 2018. In addition, he addresses the opportunities and challenges for all actors - from state authorities to investors and project developers to consumers.
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What will change in China's pricing policy for renewable energies from June 1, 2025?
From June 1, 2025, China conducts a fundamental change in its pricing policy for renewable energies. Specifically, this means the transition of fixed feed -in tariffs, in which state -based remuneration rates for the powered electricity went to a market -oriented price system. With this step, all power generators from renewable sources will have to sell their electricity via market transactions. A fixed remuneration, as it previously existed, does not apply. China is thus approaching the international trend, in which electricity prices for renewables are increasingly shaped by supply and demand. The aim of the country is to create more competition and to increase the cost efficiency of the projects. The decision marks a milestone in the history of the Chinese energy transition and signals that renewable energies in the country are increasingly ready for the market.
Why does China do this change?
China has been pursuing the goal for some time now to modernize its energy sector comprehensively and reduce the dependency of subsidies. With a rapid expansion of wind and solar energy- over 1,400 gigawatts installed wind and solar capacity- the country has even exceeded its original plans for 2030. This success illustrates that the industry for renewable energies is no longer in its infancy, but is in an advanced stage of development.
The gradual reduction and finally the expiry of the fixed feed -in tariffs are therefore a logical consequence to enable a "self -supporting economic model". Subsidies essentially contributed to promoting new technologies in the initial phases, but in the long term, a competitive market is also more economically sustainable for renewable energies. Another motivation is the creation of framework conditions in which companies remain competitive through innovation and efficiency increases.
What role do the existing projects play online before June 1, 2025?
For those projects that were put into operation before June 1, 2025, the Chinese government has planned a price difference-compensation mechanism. Specifically, this means that these systems are not completely released from one day to the other to the free market. Instead, there is a gradual adjustment of the remuneration rates.
The previous remuneration - i.e. the specified feed -in tariff - is gradually adapted to the new market situation. On the one hand, investors who have calculated their projects under certain financial framework remains protected. On the other hand, they also get an incentive to increase their efficiency and adjust to the new market mechanisms. China wants to guarantee a relatively "soft" transition via this price difference mechanism (often in the form of compensation payments, if the market price is below the previous fixed remuneration) and avoid a shock in the industry.
How is the system designed for new projects that are created after June 1, 2025?
All projects that are put into operation after June 1, 2025 must face 100 % from the first day. This means that there are no longer any fixed feed -in tariffs, but the electricity prices are completely determined by market mechanisms. Companies basically have two options:
- Submit your own commandments in which you define price and performance.
- Accept the market price, i.e. to adapt to the current price level on the stock exchange or in tenders.
The prices are thus determined in particular by tendering procedures. Provincial governments or other responsible bodies express certain amounts of electricity. Project developers apply with their calculation, and in a competitive procedure, it is finally determined which surcharge they receive. This model supports the production of the producers and usually leads to falling costs.
What is specifically mean by “market -oriented pricing”?
Market -oriented pricing is understood to mean a system in which supply and demand form the essential influencing factor for pricing. Instead of state -defined feed -in tariffs, in which a fixed fee was guaranteed for every kilowatt hour fed up, electricity producers must offer their electricity on the market. The price fluctuates depending on various factors:
- Availability of renewable energy sources (e.g. sunshine duration, wind strengths)
- Electricity demand online (private, commercial or industrial sector)
- Price development of fossil energy sources (e.g. coal, gas)
- Network capacities and bottlenecks in certain regions
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The idea behind this is that a more realistic and therefore more sustainable price will be in the long term. Project operators are encouraged to reduce their costs and operate their systems as efficiently as possible in order to be able to compete in the competition.
What are the goals of China with this new pricing model?
In the focus of China's reform of the pricing mechanisms is the focus:
- Lowering costs: The manufacturing costs for electricity from renewable energies are intended to continue to decrease through increased competition.
- Competitiveness: Chinese companies and products should become more competitive on the global market.
- Technological innovation: Since subsidies no longer form a permanent guarantee structure, the pressure on companies is increasing to be more technologically innovative and to prevail over competitors.
- Efficient resource allocation: market -based mechanisms ensure that electricity is cheaper in times of high availability, which also improves network integration.
- Reduction of dependence on subsidies: In the long term, state funds should be spared in order to promote other areas and to relieve the state treasury.
What is the sustainable price equalization mechanism and why is it important?
The sustainable price equalization mechanism is a supplementary instrument to ensure a certain planning and investment security despite market fluctuations. In practice, this often means that the state or certain institutional bodies in phases can pay a certain compensation in phases so that projects do not slide into the loss zone. The opposite can be done in phases of high market prices by depositing project operators into a fund or not receiving any additional payments.
This mechanism is important because renewable energies are now competitive, but are still susceptible to strong fluctuations. This applies in particular to factors such as wind or solar systems, the production of which is not constant. A certain minimum price can help to reduce the investment risk and further promote the expansion, but without the basic idea of the free market absurd.
What are the challenges of the changeover to the new market approach?
A big point is uncertainty about future price developments. So far, many project operators have calculated with stable, state -guaranteed tariffs. If the market price varies greatly, the revenue model can become more unpredictable. This uncertainty could lead to a "gold rush" in time, in which as many projects as possible want to go online before June 1, 2025 in order to secure any transitional regulations.
In addition, companies are under stronger efficiency pressure. No more fixed remuneration tariffs mean: Only those who produce inexpensively and reliably remains competitive. There is a threat of a wave of consolidation in which smaller providers may have to be swallowed by larger ones or have to register bankruptcy. Depending on the region and available infrastructure, regional disparities can also be shown, since provinces may make implementation differently strictly or differently.
What opportunities do this reform step offer?
First of all, there is a stronger competition that often promotes innovations. Companies are forced to develop new technologies or to optimize production processes, which ideally means an acceleration of technological maturity. Global market opportunities can also increase: If you manage to create competitive products in a harder price environment, you can get significant advantages in the export business.
In addition, consumers benefit from this development: In the long term, intensive competition often leads to falling electricity prices, but at least at the market -friendly prices. And finally it can be expected that China will further increase the proportion of renewable energies on the Internet with this reform, since the electricity market reacts more flexibly to energy flows and the expansion can be carried out in an economically viable manner.
Why is this reform called the greatest change in pricing for renewable energies since 2018?
In 2018, China carried out a significant reform of the funding system for renewable energies, in which, for example, feed-in tariffs for solar and wind projects were gradually reduced and tendering procedures were introduced. These innovations were already a significant step towards the market opening.
However, the reform, which is upcoming from June 1, 2025, goes one step further by completely ending the fixed tariffs and transferring all projects to a freelance market. As a result, not only does an adaptation of remuneration rates take place, but a complete rethink in the structure of the market. The topic of "greatest change" is mainly discussed because it records all projects, whether new or already existing, directly or indirectly. This makes the extent and scope of the reform significantly larger than in the previous phases, which mostly dealt with adjusting tariffs.
What does the reform for China's goals mean to increase the proportion of non-fossil energies and to climate neutrality?
China has set itself ambitious goals: by 2025, the proportion of non-fossil energies should be 20 %, and the country is aiming for carbon neutrality by 2060. The transition to a market -oriented price system for renewable energies helps to ensure that renewable capacities are expanded in an economically viable environment. If projects without permanent state subsidies are profitable, the foundation is laid for an accelerated expansion of the sector.
In the long term, more projects are likely to be realized that are also more efficient and better integrated into the power grid. Because a real market price sets incentives not only to produce electricity, but also to feed it when it is needed. Flexibility instruments such as electricity storage or load management also come into play here, which are also essential for reaching the climate goals.
To what extent can the reform lead to a stronger market integration of renewable energies?
The reform ensures that regenerative energies- i.e. electricity from wind and solar energy- are no longer treated as a “special case”, which always has a market access via guaranteed prices. Instead, renewables, like other types of generation, have to assert themselves in a dealer or stock exchange system. In such a market regime, power plant operators trade their electricity directly with customers or by trading platforms.
This market integration has several positive effects:
- Real-time price signals cause that renewable energies are preferred when the demand is high and the supply is scarce.
- Flexibility incentives arise because operators have to develop corresponding strategies for times of low demand, such as via storage technologies or demand adjustments.
- The opening for direct delivery contracts (Power Purchase Agreements, PPAs) between companies and electricity consumers is facilitated. This increases the variety and stability of the sources of income.
What role do the provincial governments play in implementing the new rules?
Although the reform has been decided at the national level, a significant part of the concrete design is in the hands of the individual provinces. This has to do with the fact that China has very different structured regions- both in terms of population density and economic strength as well as with regard to the potential for wind and solar energy.
The provincial governments, for example, must determine how precisely tenders are designed, which technical requirements apply to the projects and how the price difference-compensation mechanism is used in concrete terms. This creates potentially regional differences: the conditions could be more attractive in sunny provinces or wind -strong regions, which prefers investing there. Provinces that are less potent for renewable energies could rely on other strategies such as memory or more efficient network integration.
Are there any risks that the market price for renewable energies falls under a profitable level?
Theoretically yes. Especially at times of high feed -in - for example on very sunny or very windy days - the electricity offer could increase sharply, while demand may remain constant. Then the prices sink. Here, however, the price equalization mechanism mentioned usually applies to avoiding sustainable projects in such a market situation.
It is also expected that there are also compensation mechanisms that have a price stabilizing. For example, capacity markets or various storage solutions are introduced to keep the network frequency. Nevertheless, there is a certain entrepreneurial risk - this is exactly the purpose of a market -oriented system in which only those projects prevail in the long term that are both cost -effective and adaptable.
How could electricity prices develop for consumers?
In the short to medium term, the changeover could lead to price fluctuations. In times of high feed -in, prices could drop significantly, while they can increase in phases of scarce energy supply. In the long term, however, a stronger competition creates incentive for cost efficiency, which is why many experts assume that the average electricity prices could be stable or even slightly falling.
For consumers, this can mean that their electricity invoices are based on real market conditions. At the same time, the importance of tariffs that shift the power consumption into cheaper time windows is growing. This creates sensitization to energy consumption: private households and companies could use dynamic tariffs to adapt their consumption of times with plenty of green energy.
Will subsidies or government support programs continue to exist?
China pursues the goal of reducing the dependency of subsidies, but state support measures are likely to not be dispensed with. Rather, it is about developing more targeted funding instruments. Certain innovative technologies-such as new memory, hydrogen solutions or offshore wind projects in demanding areas-may continue to be promoted because they have even higher costs compared to established technologies.
In addition, regional development programs could also create incentives in the future to establish renewable energies in structurally weaker provinces. However, this type of funding has less to do with the classic feed -in tariffs, but could rather run over tax advantages, low -interest loans or technology funds.
What strategies could companies pursue to successfully adapt?
Companies have several levers to exist in a market -oriented environment:
- Cost efficiency: By optimizing your operating processes and reducing production costs, you can hand in competitive commandments.
- Technological innovation: Companies that develop improved solar cells, turbine designs or intelligent control systems are advantages.
- Diversification: If you not invest solely in electricity generation, but also in storage or energy trade, you can better cushion fluctuations in the market price.
- Long -term PPAs (Power Purchase Agreements) with industrial customers: Planning security can be created through contractually agreed prices.
- Cooperation with financial institutions: Since market risks exist in the early years, a clever financing strategy is crucial.
How does the changeover to the planning security of investors affect?
On the one hand, the changeover can lead to uncertainties, since there are no more guaranteed feed -in tariffs. On the other hand, a new quality of planning security is created by long -term mechanism for price stabilization. This mechanism should cushion extreme risks and at the same time send realistic price signals.
In addition, tenders help to secure a fixed acceptance price for a defined period. Long -term delivery contracts (PPAs) between producers and large industrial consumers also offer investors a certain calculability. In this respect, planning security does not convert into the negative, but simply changes its shape: away from state -guaranteed tariffs to market -driven, but still predictable solutions.
How does the reform contribute to better network stability?
If renewable energies feed in fixed tariffs around the clock, their interest in the demand and offer situation is relatively low. This can lead to overload, shutdowns or unfavorable network loads in many regions.
The market -oriented approach sends price signals that enable load shift and reward flexibility. For a system operator, it makes sense to better adapt his feed -in to the demand. If you combine this with memory solutions, you can, for example, in times when too much electricity is fed (and the prices are low), energy and only release it into the network if the demand is high (and the price is better). As a result, the load course smoothes and the network is more stable overall.
To what extent does the reform contribute to achieving the climate goals?
The market-oriented pricing makes renewable energies more competitive compared to fossil fuels as soon as the technology and production costs decrease. Since China has the largest electricity market in the world, this development shines far beyond the national borders. If it is possible to further reduce the costs of solar and wind energy, there is a strong suction effect on other markets, which in turn drives global expansion.
In addition, one must take into account that the country wants to adhere to the commitments in the framework of the Paris climate protection agreement in the long term and want to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. The new price reform is an important component in order to make this goal accessible by market logic and not only be dependent on forced measures or high subsidies.
To what extent does this step increase the competitiveness of Chinese companies in an international context?
Chinese manufacturers of solar modules or wind turbines have already made a name for themselves in recent years and are now among the global market leaders. By exposing these companies to an increased competition in their home market, they learn to optimize their costs even further and to improve technologies faster.
Anyone who exists in a hard environment with market-oriented pricing has a competitive advantage in other countries in which there are still (partial) subsidies. This means that China can expand its export -oriented markets. In addition, new business models, such as in the area of energy trade, network technology or software solutions for load management, are being built, which can expand the international reach of Chinese companies.
How does the introduction of tender procedures fit into the new price system?
Tenders are an essential part of market -oriented price models. The central idea is that a certain amount of green energy to be produced - or a certain power capacity - is advertised. Companies that take part in the tender provide offers in which you name a price per kilowatt hour (or per kWh, per kw installed performance, etc.).
The surcharge is usually assigned to the cheapest providers until the defined volume is reached. This creates a competitive pressure that presses the bids and thus leads to competitive market prices. In this way, overgrowding and inefficient structures can ideally be minimized. The model also creates transparency and fair conditions because all market participants have the same opportunities and access to the same information.
What direct effects does the reform have on manufacturers of wind and solar systems?
Manufacturers of wind and solar systems have to prepare for stronger price sensitivity. Operator projects will calculate more precisely what return goal you can achieve in a potentially fluctuating market. This makes an increased cost pressure on the manufacturers. At the same time, greater demand for efficient and efficient technology can arise because efficiency increases in the market system make an even greater difference.
In addition, the reform could initially drive up the project volume, since many developers want to realize their projects before June 1, 2025 in order to benefit from transitional regulations. For manufacturers, this could lead to a kind of boom at short notice. In the long term, however, the reform means that one receives a stable but market -oriented demand in which particularly powerful providers assert themselves.
How does the role of consumers change through market -oriented pricing?
Consumers are not only passive pantographs in a market environment. By varying prices at different times of the day, incentives for load shift are created. Larger consumers - for example in industry - could plan their production processes in such a way that they benefit from low electricity prices. Private households could also set up in such a way that they shift consumption, for example via "Smart Home" technologies.
In addition, there are opportunities for direct contracts between larger consumers and producers (Power Purchase Agreements). Companies that want to reduce their CO₂ footprint can thus directly secure the electricity from renewable sources and cover their energy requirements on predictable conditions. Consumers benefit from the medium to long term that a more efficient structuring of the market is likely to reduce electricity costs or at least stabilize.
Will regional differences in China increase this reform?
Yes, that is quite possible. China is extremely large and is characterized by very different circumstances: coastal provinces with high population density and strong industry, rural regions inland with low consumption peaks, areas with a lot of sunlight in the west and northwest, wind -rich regions in the north, etc.
In a market -oriented system, projects may prefer to settle where site conditions, network infrastructure and political implementation are most attractive. Provincial governments that are ambitious and create cheap framework conditions will probably attract more investments. Other regions could fall back or set other priorities, for example in energy storage or green hydrogen.
Can the switch to market -oriented prices influence other countries?
Absolutely. Since China is not only the largest market for renewable energies, but also an important manufacturer for the corresponding technology, any major political change radiates to global markets. Due to the transition to a free market, the cost degression could run even faster, which makes renewable energies more attractive worldwide.
In addition, many developing and emerging countries look at China when they design their own funding mechanisms. If you see that a transition to market mechanisms in a country of the size and complexity of China succeeds, this increases the likelihood that similar concepts will be implemented elsewhere. China is once again becoming an impulse provider for the global energy transition.
Why are sinking subsidies often considered a sign of the market maturity of a technology?
Subscribe is usually necessary if a technology is still comparatively expensive and cannot yet compete with conventional energy sources. As soon as the costs - usually through scale effects, learning effects, technical innovations - and can assert itself a technology on the market are decreasing, permanent funding loses its original right to exist.
If a technology is released into a market environment in which no (or only reduced) subsidies exist, it means that it has largely achieved competitiveness. In China's case, the massive installed capacity of over 1,400 gigawatts for wind and solar energy shows that these sources are technologically and economically mature enough to be successful in the open market.
What could happen at short notice in the run -up to June 1, 2025?
Analysts assume that there could be a boom in new projects in order to secure the existing advantages of the current system - especially for projects that complete the short approval process or are already in a late development phase. In such situations, one sometimes speaks of a "run system" in which project developers try to go online quickly, in order to possibly benefit from higher feed -in tariffs or a softer transition.
This situation can temporarily overheat the market and also strain supply chains. Manufacturers of solar modules and wind turbines should initially look forward to full order books. In the long term, however, the whole thing will level off because the dynamics are flattened after the deadline and adapts to the new market situation.
How are the long -term effects on China's energy sector to be assessed?
In the long term, the step away from fixed tariffs towards a market -oriented system will make China's energy sector more robust and efficient. Companies that can assert themselves will be technologically leading, which in turn strengthens China's global status as a pioneer in renewable energies.
In addition, the better integration of renewables into the network can lead to greater stability, since intelligent systems for controlling production and demand - such as smart grids, storage technology, load management - are used on a larger scale. At the political level, the financial burden for subsidies is reduced, which releases resources for other future topics. In this way, the long -term character of the reform becomes clear: it does not aim not only on the expansion, but on an integrative, sustainable and cost -efficient development of the entire sector.
What role do direct acceptance contracts (PPAs) play in this new market environment?
Direct acceptance contracts, also called Power Purchase Agreements (PPAS), enable companies or other large consumers to obtain electricity directly from a producer without having to take the detour via the classic electricity market or network operator. In an environment in which market -oriented prices apply and no more fixed feed -in tariffs exist, PPAs are an effective instrument to create advantages on both sides:
- The power generator receives a long -term guaranteed sales at a price specified in the contract.
- The customer benefits from planning security and can also rely on the origin of the electricity (green, renewable), which can be significant for its sustainability balance.
China is expected to give these PPAs more space because they meet the basic idea of a liberalized market, promote competition and facilitate the integration of renewable energies.
How could the new price mechanism promote the expansion of other technologies such as storage or hydrogen?
When electricity prices fluctuate more, the incentive to use storage technologies increases in order to store excess energy in times of low prices and to return them again when they are high (and high prices). This makes storage projects more economically attractive because they can potentially generate additional profits.
In the case of green hydrogen, the situation is similar: if the sun and wind power is temporarily exhausted and the electricity price drops, this current can be used efficiently for electrolysis. The hydrogen produced in this way can either be saved, used directly in industry or feed it into the gas network. This flexibility also makes other parts of the energy infrastructure more attractive. The reform can therefore act as a catalyst for a wider technology portfolio that goes beyond classic power generation.
What teachings can other countries draw from this development?
Other countries that have driven their expansion of renewable energies strongly via fixed feed -in tariffs can see a signal for the next maturity degree in China: market orientation as a logical phase as soon as the technology reaches economic competitiveness.
The apprenticeship from this is that a staggered and communicatively well -prepared change is required. A clear schedule, differentiated transition solutions and reliable instruments for risk minimization (such as the price equalization mechanism) are crucial to protect and promote both investor safety and innovation. Furthermore, China's example shows that regional differences in implementation must be taken into account so that the reform is successful nationwide.
How does the new pricing policy affect the consciousness and behavior of consumers?
The fact that the prices of electricity from renewable energies are more oriented towards real market conditions can lead to variable tariffs that give consumption better to control consumption. In phases of high production and low prices, households or companies could increase electricity and z. B. Load electric vehicles or let washing machines run.
This increasing sensitization motivates consumers, energy -efficient devices and measures to benefit from the price fluctuations. Over time, an energy and cost awareness culture develops, which is not only beneficial for the electricity system, but also for climate protection.
Will there be no fixed tariffs after June 1, 2025?
According to the available information, new projects that go online after the cut -off day will no longer be able to give fixed feed -in tariffs. However, there can still be a transition phase for existing projects (built before June 1, 2025), in which the price difference-compensation mechanism applies.
It is unlikely that all types of tariffs will disappear, since certain special projects (e.g. research projects, demonstration systems in remote areas, innovative storage solutions) could continue to receive government support. However, the core message remains: the rule in the Chinese market will be free pricing.
What role does the time context play for China by 2025?
China would like to increase the proportion of non-fossil energies to 20 % by 2025. At the same time, the liberalization of the energy sector continues to pick up speed during these years. As the reform only comes into force on June 1, 2025, the state gives investors, companies and authorities the opportunity to prepare.
The transitional period can be used to adapt existing processes, to clarify legal uncertainties and maybe even promote network moderation. In addition, this reform comes at a time when China has the necessary hardware and industrial nose in order not to suddenly risk a break -in of the installations if the feed -in tariffs failed.
What are the most important aspects of the reform and the expected advantages?
- Market -based pricing: Electricity will no longer be traded on fixed tariffs from June 1, 2025, but over the market.
- Differentiated treatment of existing projects: Older systems receive a step-by-step transition via a price difference-compensation mechanism.
- Competition and efficiency: Companies have to adapt more to the market, which promotes innovation and cost reduction.
- Investment security through compensation mechanisms: Price stability is guaranteed by additional instruments so that the market remains attractive and an uncontrolled up and down is avoided.
- Reduction of subsidies: state funds are relieved, renewable energies mature in a self -supporting economic model.
- Contribution to climate goals: A free market that integrates renewable energies inexpensive and efficiently is a key element for China's projects to become carbon neutral until 2060.
How do you evaluate the reform as a whole?
The reform is generally regarded as a necessary and logical step on the way to a mature energy transition. China shows that renewable energies are no longer dependent on subsidies, but have grown into a powerful and marketable segment of the energy market.
Although there are challenges, such as increased uncertainty in investments or regional inequality in implementation, the opportunities predominate: more innovation, more efficiency, more competition and a solid basis for achieving ambitious climate goals. This step is groundbreaking for the global energy transition because it shows that one of the largest economies in the world hits the path to a market -oriented, low -subsidy design of renewables. This is exactly where the future "New Normal" could be for many countries.
With over 1,400 gigawatts installed wind and solar capacity, China has long since proven that it takes a pioneering role in renewable energies. The reform now announced from June 1, 2025 is not only another chapter in the successful expansion history, but a fundamental paradigm shift towards a self -supporting and competitive market. Companies, investors and consumers are equally required to adapt to the new price system.
The reform thus represents a key element to lead China's energy transition to the next development phase: away from support dependency, towards a fully integrated and innovative industry that contributes to the achievement of the climate goals. It can be assumed that sooner or later the experiences have also been influenced by other countries, because in a globalized energy world, know-how transfer now works quickly and comprehensively. China again sets a signal here - and the world will make sure that this market -oriented approach has proven itself in the largest energy market on earth.
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